I Samuel 16:18-17:36

Shalom, everyone, and welcome! I’m so glad you’re here as we embark on another journey into the rich tapestry of Jewish tradition and text. Today, we're diving into a foundational story, one that echoes through our collective memory and offers profound insights into how we perceive leadership, courage, and divine intention.

Have you ever found yourself in a situation where your first impression of someone was completely off? Or perhaps you've been underestimated, only to surprise everyone with your hidden strengths? Our human tendency is to judge by what's visible, what's loud, what fits our preconceived notions. But what if the most important qualities, the truest potential, lie beneath the surface, unseen by the casual observer?

That's precisely the challenge and the lesson presented in our text today, a pivotal moment in the history of the Jewish people: the anointing of David and his dramatic confrontation with Goliath. This isn't just a children's story; it's a deep exploration of faith, character, and God's unique way of choosing leaders, often from the most unexpected places.

Context

To properly appreciate our text, let's briefly set the stage. We are in the Book of Samuel, a crucial period in ancient Israelite history. After centuries under the decentralized leadership of Judges, the people demand a king. God, through the prophet Samuel, reluctantly grants their wish, anointing Saul as the first monarch. Saul begins well, but ultimately disappoints, failing to fully obey God's commands. As a result, God rejects Saul as king and instructs Samuel to find a new one. This is where our story begins. God is looking for a leader, not just for the present, but for generations to come – a leader who embodies a different kind of strength, a different kind of vision.

Text Snapshot

Our text, I Samuel 16:18-17:36, captures this dramatic transition. It begins with God instructing Samuel to go to Jesse of Bethlehem, for one of his sons is chosen to be king. Samuel, initially judging by outward appearance and stature, is corrected by God with the profound statement, "For G-d sees not as humans see; humans see only what is visible, but G-d sees into the heart." After Samuel anoints the youngest son, David, the spirit of God rests upon him, while an evil spirit afflicts Saul.

David then enters Saul's service as a musician, soothing the king's troubled spirit. The narrative then shifts to the epic confrontation with the Philistines, where the giant Goliath defies the Israelite army. While all of Israel is paralyzed by fear, David, a mere shepherd boy, steps forward, armed with nothing but a sling and an unwavering faith in God. He declares that the battle belongs to God and confidently faces Goliath, setting the stage for one of the most iconic victories in history.

The Big Question

How do we discern true leadership and inner worth, both in ourselves and in others, when our human tendency is to be swayed by superficial appearances, power, or conventional notions of strength?

This is a question that resonates deeply in our own lives, both personally and communally. We live in a world that often prioritizes external markers of success: wealth, status, physical attractiveness, or charismatic presence. From political leaders to social media influencers, from corporate executives to community figures, we are constantly bombarded with images and narratives that emphasize what is visible and immediately impressive. Yet, time and again, history and our personal experiences teach us that these outward manifestations do not always correlate with integrity, wisdom, or genuine leadership.

The story of David's anointing and his triumph over Goliath directly confronts this human predisposition. Samuel, the venerable prophet, a man of God, initially falls into the same trap, looking at Eliab, Jesse's eldest, and thinking, "Surely G-d’s anointed stands here." He sees the stature, the apparent strength, the conventional signs of a leader. But God swiftly corrects him, articulating a timeless principle: "For [G-d sees] not as humans see; humans see only what is visible, but G-d sees into the heart." This isn't just a poetic phrase; it's a radical reorientation of values. It suggests that the most crucial elements of a person – their character, their intentions, their faith, their humility, their inner fortitude – are often hidden from the human eye.

Furthermore, the narrative of David's rise isn't a simple tale of a chosen hero; it's a testament to the power of hidden potential and unconventional strength. David is literally "taken from tending the flock," a humble, seemingly insignificant role. He is underestimated by his own family, by Saul, and certainly by Goliath. His "weapons" are simple, his experience unconventional (fighting lions and bears, not trained warriors). Yet, it is precisely his deep faith, his courage born of conviction, and his refusal to conform to conventional expectations (like wearing Saul's heavy armor) that lead to his extraordinary success.

This raises profound questions for us: How often do we overlook the Davids in our own lives – or even within ourselves – because they don't fit our mold of what a leader, a hero, or a valuable contributor should look like? How do we learn to cultivate a "God's eye" view, to look beyond the surface and truly perceive the "heart" of individuals and situations? What kind of courage does it take to step forward with an unconventional solution when everyone else is paralyzed by fear, relying not on worldly might but on a deeper, spiritual strength? This story challenges us to redefine our understanding of power, leadership, and the true source of victory, urging us to look inward and upward for the qualities that truly matter.

One Core Concept

The central concept woven throughout this narrative is p’nimiyut (פנימיות) – the profound emphasis on inner reality and spiritual essence over external appearance. The pivotal verse, "humans see only what is visible, but G-d sees into the heart," is not merely a statement about divine perception; it's a foundational principle for Jewish thought. It teaches us that true worth, authentic character, and divine favor are found not in physical stature, social status, or outward display, but in the unseen depths of one's soul, one's intentions, and one's unwavering connection to God. David's journey exemplifies this, demonstrating that God's chosen leader often emerges from humility, possessing a heart full of faith and a spirit aligned with divine purpose, regardless of conventional expectations.

Breaking It Down

Let's delve deeper into the text, section by section, and unlock the rich insights offered by our Sages and commentators.

The Anointing of the Unexpected King (I Samuel 16:1-13)

Our provided text begins with verse 18, but to truly understand David's introduction, we must briefly recall the preceding verses (16:1-13), which set the stage for Samuel's mission. God has rejected King Saul due to his disobedience and instructs Samuel to go to Jesse in Bethlehem, for a new king is to be found among his sons. Samuel, fearing Saul's wrath, is given instructions to conduct a sacrificial feast as a cover.

When Samuel arrives in Bethlehem and meets Jesse and his sons, he is immediately struck by Eliab, Jesse's eldest. Eliab is tall, strong, and possesses all the outward qualities one might expect of a king. Samuel thinks, "Surely G-d’s anointed stands here." (1 Samuel 16:6) This is a very human reaction, and it's here that God delivers one of the most profound lessons in the entire Tanakh (Hebrew Bible):

"But G-d said to Samuel, 'Pay no attention to his appearance or his stature, for I have rejected him. For [G-d sees] not as humans see; humans see only what is visible, but G-d sees into the heart.'" (1 Samuel 16:7)

This verse is the bedrock of our understanding of divine selection. It’s a direct challenge to human judgment, which is so often superficial. Samuel, despite being a prophet, is still human and prone to judging by externals. God reminds him, and us, that true leadership and worth reside in the lev (heart), signifying inner character, motivations, and spiritual alignment.

Jesse then parades seven of his sons before Samuel, one after another, but God rejects each one. Samuel, perplexed, asks Jesse, "Are these all the boys you have?" Jesse replies, "There is still the youngest; he is tending the flock." (1 Samuel 16:11) The youngest, David, is so insignificant in his family's eyes that he wasn't even considered worthy of being presented. He is out in the fields, performing the humble task of a shepherd.

When David is finally brought, the text describes him as "ruddy-cheeked, bright-eyed, and handsome." (1 Samuel 16:12) Here, his physical attractiveness is mentioned, but it's presented not as the reason for his selection, but as a secondary attribute to his inner qualities. God then instructs Samuel, "Rise and anoint him, for this is the one." (1 Samuel 16:12). Samuel anoints David, and "the spirit of G-d gripped David from that day on." (1 Samuel 16:13). This marks a profound shift: the divine spirit departs from Saul and rests upon David, signifying his legitimate, God-ordained kingship.

David Enters Saul's Service (I Samuel 16:14-23)

With David anointed, the narrative seamlessly transitions to his initial entry into public life, which is surprisingly connected to Saul's decline. "Now the spirit of G-d had departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from G-d began to terrify him." (1 Samuel 16:14). This "evil spirit from G-d" is often understood not as a literal demon, but as a deep melancholy, a depression, or a troubled state of mind that God allowed to afflict Saul as a consequence of his rejection.

Saul's courtiers suggest finding someone skilled in playing the lyre to soothe him. One attendant speaks up, describing David in glowing terms:

"I have observed a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite who is skilled in music; he is a stalwart fellow and a warrior, sensible in speech, and handsome in appearance—and G-d is with him." (I Samuel 16:18)

This verse, I Samuel 16:18, is rich with commentary from our Sages, offering various perspectives on the attendant's motives and David's remarkable qualities.

Malbim's Six Attributes of David

The Malbim, a 19th-century commentator, provides a detailed analysis of this attendant's description, identifying six distinct attributes that make David uniquely qualified, not just as a musician, but as a king. The Malbim notes that the attendant implies David possesses "other perfections, besides his musical skill, which made him worthy of being in the king's palace."

1. "Yode'a Nagen" - Skilled in music: The Malbim emphasizes this means David was a master of "the art of music in its perfection," not merely a casual player.
2. "Gibor Chayil" - A mighty warrior: This is significant because, as Malbim points out, it's unusual for musicians, who are often portrayed as imaginative and physically delicate, to possess such strength and courage. This hints at David's unique blend of artistic sensitivity and physical prowess.
3. "Ve'ish Milchamah" - A man of war: Ralbag (Rabbi Levi ben Gershon), a 14th-century commentator, distinguishes between "Gibor Chayil" (courage and strength) and "Ish Milchamah" (one who knows military tactics and strategies to defeat enemies). The Malbim echoes this, noting the rarity of someone skilled in both music and the "opposing craft" of war tactics. This suggests David isn't just strong, but strategically intelligent.
4. "Navon Davar" - Sensible in speech: Metzudat Zion, an 18th-century commentary, simply defines this as "understands every matter of wisdom." Ralbag adds that it means "one who manages his words with judgment and understanding." The Malbim highlights that this trait is also uncommon among musicians, who often excel in imagination but lack true intellectual understanding. This points to David's wisdom and eloquence, essential for a leader.
5. "Ve'ish To'ar" - Handsome in appearance: Again, the Malbim notes this is not typical for musicians, who were often thought to be darker-skinned and less physically attractive in his cultural context. This attribute adds to David's overall charisma and natural leadership presence.
6. "V'Hashem Imo" - And God is with him: This is perhaps the most crucial attribute. The Malbim interprets this as "he is G-d-fearing and shuns evil." He notes the rarity of a handsome musician who is not tempted by worldly desires. Metzudat David takes a more practical approach, explaining "And the Lord is with him" to mean "that he is a successful man, and through his success, he will benefit you [Saul]." This indicates David's divine blessing and protection, a sign of his unique connection to God.

The Malbim concludes that these six attributes, even in a youth, made David supremely "fitting for a man who stands in the king's palace," suggesting the attendant recognized David's full potential, far beyond just musical talent.

Rashi's Insight into Do'eg's Motive

Rashi, the foremost medieval commentator, introduces a fascinating and darker twist to this seemingly innocent description. Rashi on I Samuel 16:18:1 identifies the anonymous attendant as Do'eg the Edomite, a figure who later becomes a bitter antagonist of David and a loyal, albeit wicked, servant of Saul.

Rashi on I Samuel 16:18:2 explains Do'eg's motivation: "His entire intention was to induce Shaul's evil eye into Dovid, that he envy him." According to Rashi, Do'eg's praise was not genuine admiration but a calculated maneuver. By lavishing David with excessive praise, particularly attributes (like warrior prowess) not immediately relevant to playing the lyre, Do'eg intended to arouse Saul's jealousy and suspicion. This foreshadows the tragic relationship between Saul and David, where Saul's envy becomes a dominant and destructive force. Rashi's interpretation reminds us that even seemingly positive words can carry hidden, malicious intent.

Saul, unaware of the deeper machinations or David's anointing, sends for David. Jesse sends his son with gifts, and David enters Saul's service. "Saul took a strong liking to him and made him one of his arms-bearers." (1 Samuel 16:21). David's music indeed brings relief to Saul, and the evil spirit departs. This period establishes David's presence in the royal court, albeit in a secondary role, and allows him to gain experience and familiarity with the kingdom's affairs, preparing him for his future destiny.

David and Goliath: The Battle of Faith (I Samuel 17:1-36)

The narrative takes a dramatic turn with the Philistine threat. The Philistines assemble for battle, and the Israelites, led by Saul, encamp opposite them in the Valley of Elah. A "champion" of the Philistines, Goliath of Gath, a giant warrior described in formidable detail (six cubits and a span tall, heavily armored), steps forward daily for forty days, challenging Israel to single combat. He proposes that the outcome of this duel will determine the victor of the war: if the Israelite champion wins, the Philistines will be their slaves; if Goliath wins, Israel will serve the Philistines.

"When Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and terror-stricken." (1 Samuel 17:11). No one dares to face Goliath. The fear is palpable, paralyzing the entire army, including King Saul.

David's Arrival and Eliab's Scorn

During this stalemate, David, who has been going "back and forth from attending on Saul to shepherd his father’s flock at Bethlehem" (1 Samuel 17:15), is sent by Jesse to bring provisions to his older brothers on the front lines. This highlights David's continued humble role as a shepherd, even after his anointing and service to Saul.

When David arrives at the camp, he hears Goliath's taunts and witnesses the terror of the Israelite soldiers. He is bewildered by their fear and the lack of response. "What’ll be done for the one who kills that Philistine and removes the disgrace from Israel? Who is that uncircumcised Philistine that he dares defy the ranks of the living God?" (1 Samuel 17:26). David's immediate reaction is one of righteous indignation, focusing on the desecration of God's name rather than personal fear.

His oldest brother, Eliab, overhears David's questions and reacts with anger and scorn: "Why did you come down here, and with whom did you leave those few sheep in the wilderness? I know your impudence and your impertinence: you came down to watch the fighting!" (1 Samuel 17:28). This is another poignant moment illustrating human shortsightedness and judgment based on appearances. Eliab, who was previously considered by Samuel for kingship, now dismisses his younger brother, accusing him of arrogance and neglecting his duties. He sees David as a naive, boastful boy, not as a potential savior. This echoes the earlier theme: even those closest to us can fail to see our true potential. David, however, calmly deflects the criticism: "What have I done now? I was only asking!" (1 Samuel 17:29).

David's Courage and Faith

David's words are reported to Saul, who sends for him. Saul, upon seeing David, expresses his doubt: "You cannot go to that Philistine and fight him; you are only a boy, and he has been a warrior from his youth!" (1 Samuel 17:33). Saul, like everyone else, judges David by his youthful appearance and lack of conventional military experience.

But David's response reveals the true source of his courage: his unwavering faith and his past experiences with divine protection. He recounts how he protected his flock from lions and bears: "Your servant has been tending his father’s sheep, and if a lion or a bear came and carried off an animal from the flock, I would go after it and fight it and rescue it from its mouth... Your servant has killed both lion and bear; and that uncircumcised Philistine shall end up like one of them, for he has defied the ranks of the living God. G-d," David went on, "who saved me from lion and bear will also save me from that Philistine." (1 Samuel 17:34-37).

This is a powerful declaration of bitachon (trust in God). David doesn't boast of his own strength; he attributes his past victories to God and extends that trust to the present challenge. He views Goliath not as an insurmountable foe, but as another "lion or bear" that has dared to defy the "living God." Saul is finally swayed by David's conviction and says, "Then go... and may G-d be with you!" (1 Samuel 17:37).

The Unconventional Warrior

Saul attempts to equip David with his own royal armor, a bronze helmet, and a breastplate. But David, unused to such heavy, cumbersome gear, finds he "cannot walk in these, for I am not used to them." (1 Samuel 17:39). This is a crucial symbolic moment. David rejects the conventional symbols of military might and royal authority. He chooses to fight with what is authentic to him, what he knows and is skilled with: "He took his stick, picked a few smooth stones from the wadi, put them in the pocket of his shepherd’s bag and, sling in hand, he went toward the Philistine." (1 Samuel 17:40). This demonstrates his humility, his reliance on his own God-given skills, and his refusal to imitate others. His strength is not in borrowed might, but in his unique connection to God.

Goliath, seeing David, a mere "lad, ruddy and handsome," scorns him, feeling insulted by such a meager opponent. He curses David by his gods and promises to feed his flesh to the birds. (1 Samuel 17:42-44).

David's reply is perhaps the most iconic declaration of faith in the entire narrative: "You come against me with sword and spear and javelin; but I come against you in the name of G-d of Hosts, the God of the ranks of Israel, whom you have defied. This very day G-d will deliver you into my hands... All the earth shall know that there is a God in Israel. And this whole assembly shall know that G-d can give victory without sword or spear. For the battle is G-d’s, and you will be delivered into our hands." (1 Samuel 17:45-47).

David's words are not bravado; they are a profound theological statement. He shifts the focus from a duel between two individuals to a confrontation between the Philistine gods and the "living God" of Israel. He explicitly states that the victory will demonstrate God's power to the entire world, and that "the battle is G-d's." It's not about David's skill, but about God's might working through him.

The text then describes the swift and decisive victory: David slings a stone, strikes Goliath in the forehead, and he falls. David then uses Goliath's own sword to cut off his head, a symbolic act of turning the enemy's strength against him. The Philistines, seeing their champion dead, flee in terror, and the Israelites pursue them, securing a great victory.

The chapter ends with a curious detail: Saul asks his commander Abner, "Whose son is that young man, Abner?" Abner replies he doesn't know, and Saul reiterates, "Then find out whose son that young fellow is." (1 Samuel 17:55-56). This seems odd, as David had already served Saul as a musician and arms-bearer. Commentators suggest this highlights Saul's troubled state of mind, his detachment, or perhaps that David's appearance had changed, or that Saul was so focused on the spirit that soothed him, he hadn't truly engaged with David's personal identity. It further emphasizes David's humble origins, and the shocking nature of his emergence as a hero.

How We Live This

The story of David's anointing and his triumph over Goliath is far more than an ancient tale; it’s a living blueprint for how we navigate our own lives, both individually and within our communities. It offers profound guidance on discerning true value, cultivating faith, and embracing our authentic selves in a world often preoccupied with the superficial.

Looking Beyond the Surface: Cultivating a "God's Eye" View

The most explicit lesson from this text is "humans see only what is visible, but G-d sees into the heart." In our daily lives, this translates into a conscious effort to look past initial impressions.

• In Others: How often do we prejudge individuals based on their appearance, profession, social status, or even their age? David was a "ruddy-cheeked, bright-eyed" youth, a shepherd, dismissed by his own family and by King Saul. Yet, he possessed the qualities of a king. This teaches us to actively seek out the inner character, the integrity, the compassion, the quiet strength in people around us. It means giving people the benefit of the doubt, listening attentively, and recognizing that true worth is often hidden. It encourages us to mentor and empower those who may not fit conventional molds of leadership or success, remembering that the next great leader or innovator might be the "youngest," tending their "flock" in anonymity.
• In Ourselves: We also tend to judge ourselves harshly based on external standards. We might feel inadequate if we don't possess certain physical attributes, educational degrees, or career achievements. David's story reminds us that our true value comes from our heart – our intentions, our faith, our unique G-d-given talents. It calls us to cultivate self-compassion and to recognize the "spirit of G-d" within us, even if we feel small or insignificant. Our "inner David" might be a quiet act of kindness, an unwavering commitment to justice, or a deep sense of purpose that isn't always visible to the outside world.

Embracing Authenticity and Rejecting Borrowed Armor

David's refusal of Saul's armor is a powerful metaphor for authenticity. He knew his own strengths and limitations. The heavy, unfamiliar armor, meant to protect him, would have only hindered him. Instead, he relied on his shepherd's tools – the sling and stones – skills honed in his own unique experiences.

• In Our Careers and Callings: How often do we try to fit into roles or emulate others in ways that don't align with our authentic selves? We might chase careers or adopt personas that are not genuinely ours, simply because they are perceived as "successful" or "powerful." David teaches us that true strength comes from leveraging our unique talents and experiences, even if they seem unconventional. What are your "sling and stones"? What are the skills, experiences, and passions that are truly yours, even if they seem humble or unglamorous? The path to success and fulfillment often lies in embracing these authentic tools rather than trying to wear someone else's "armor."
• In Our Jewish Practice: This concept also applies to our spiritual journeys. There are many paths within Judaism, and what works for one person might not work for another. Trying to rigidly imitate someone else's spiritual practice without connecting it to our own inner truth can feel burdensome, like Saul's armor. Instead, we are called to find our own genuine connection, to engage with Torah, prayer, and mitzvot in ways that resonate with our individual souls, using our "own tools" to build our relationship with God.

Faith Over Fear: The Battle Belongs to God

David's courage in the face of Goliath's terrifying might is rooted in absolute bitachon (trust in God). He doesn't rely on his own physical strength but declares, "For the battle is G-d’s." This is a radical shift in perspective from the terrified Israelite army.

• Facing Our Own "Goliaths": We all encounter "Goliaths" in our lives – overwhelming challenges, daunting obstacles, seemingly insurmountable fears. These can be personal health crises, financial struggles, relationship conflicts, or communal threats. When confronted by such giants, our natural human tendency is to feel "dismayed and terror-stricken," just like the Israelites. David's example teaches us to reframe these challenges. Instead of focusing solely on the overwhelming odds, we are called to remember that "the battle is G-d's." This doesn't mean we passively do nothing; David still picked up his sling and ran towards Goliath. It means we do our utmost, we prepare, we act with courage, but we ultimately place our trust in a higher power to guide the outcome. It's about combining human effort (hishtadlut) with divine reliance (bitachon).
• Cultivating Bitachon: How do we develop such unwavering faith? David's story offers a clue: he recalls God saving him from the "lion and bear." His faith isn't abstract; it's built on past experiences of divine protection. We, too, can cultivate bitachon by reflecting on moments in our lives where we witnessed God's hand, where challenges were overcome, or where unexpected blessings appeared. By remembering God's faithfulness in the past, we strengthen our trust for the future.

The Power of One and Unexpected Leadership

David, the youngest and most overlooked, rises to save an entire nation. This highlights the immense power of one individual, guided by divine purpose and unwavering faith.

• Empowering the Margins: The narrative challenges us to look for leadership and solutions in unexpected places. The "Davids" of our society – the young, the marginalized, the unconventional thinkers – often possess the fresh perspective, the unburdened faith, and the genuine courage needed to tackle seemingly intractable problems. It's a call to foster environments where diverse voices are heard and hidden talents are nurtured.
• Our Own Potential for Impact: Even if we don't see ourselves as "leaders," David's story reminds us that each of us has the potential to make a significant impact. Our individual acts of courage, faith, and authenticity can inspire others and contribute to a larger communal good. We don't need to be the strongest or the loudest; we need to be true to ourselves and connected to our divine purpose. Even a "shepherd boy" can change the course of history.

Navigating Criticism and Envy (Eliab and Do'eg)

The reactions of Eliab and Do'eg serve as cautionary tales regarding envy and shortsightedness. Eliab's anger stems from a sense of his own diminished status and a failure to recognize his brother's unique qualities. Do'eg's praise, as Rashi explains, was laced with malicious intent, designed to sow discord.

• Responding to Criticism: David's calm response to Eliab – "What have I done now? I was only asking!" – models a measured reaction to unfair criticism. He doesn't get defensive or lash out, but simply clarifies his intentions, refusing to be drawn into a sibling squabble. This is a valuable lesson in managing interpersonal conflict, especially when faced with unwarranted negativity.
• Recognizing Malicious Intent: Rashi's insight into Do'eg's hidden agenda reminds us that not all praise is genuine, and sometimes, even seemingly positive interactions can mask darker intentions. It encourages a level of discernment and awareness in our relationships, especially when dealing with those who have a history of causing trouble.

Ultimately, the story of David is a timeless testament to the power of inner character, the strength of faith, and God's surprising ways of working in the world. It calls us to transcend superficiality, embrace our authentic selves, and trust in the divine presence that guides us through our own "valleys of Elah."

One Thing to Remember

The enduring message of this narrative is that true worth and leadership are measured by the heart, not by outward appearance or conventional might. God sees beyond the visible, choosing individuals like David for their unwavering faith, inner integrity, and authentic spirit. When we cultivate our inner selves and trust in a higher power, we unlock our greatest potential and find the courage to face any "Goliath" in our path, recognizing that ultimately, "the battle is G-d's." This principle challenges us to look deeper, within ourselves and in others, for the qualities that truly matter.

Conclusion

What an incredible journey we've taken today, from the quiet fields of Bethlehem to the dramatic confrontation in the Valley of Elah. The story of David is not merely a historical account; it is a profound teaching that continually invites us to reflect on our own perceptions, our own courage, and our own connection to the divine.

May we all strive to cultivate a "God's eye view," looking past the superficial to the essence of character and the depth of the heart. May we find the courage to be our authentic selves, relying on our unique, God-given "slings and stones" rather than trying to wear someone else's armor. And may we always remember, when facing the giants in our lives, that "the battle is G-d's," and with unwavering faith, anything is possible.

Thank you for joining me today. I wish you all a week filled with insight, courage, and a deepening appreciation for the inner light within yourselves and everyone you encounter. Shalom.