Tanya, Part I; Likkutei Amarim 13:6

This text from the Tanya is a profound exploration of the inner life, a topic that resonates deeply within Jewish thought and practice. It speaks to the universal human experience of wrestling with our own impulses and striving for a higher purpose. For those who engage with Jewish tradition, understanding this text is a step toward grasping a core aspect of how we navigate our spiritual and ethical journeys. It’s about the ongoing, dynamic process of becoming, rather than a fixed state of being.

Context

Who, When, and Where: A Glimpse into a Transformative Era

To truly appreciate the depth of this passage from the Tanya, it’s helpful to step back and consider the world in which it was written and the lineage of thought it represents. The Tanya, penned by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, is a foundational text of Chabad Hasidism, a branch of Jewish mysticism that emerged in the late 18th century. This was a period of immense upheaval and transformation for Jewish communities across Eastern Europe.

The World of Rabbi Schneur Zalman

The late 1700s and early 1800s were a time of both great promise and profound challenges for Jewish life. On one hand, the Enlightenment, or Haskalah, was beginning to spread its influence, encouraging secular learning, integration with surrounding societies, and a critical re-evaluation of traditional religious practices. This brought new intellectual currents and opportunities, but also raised questions about Jewish identity and the role of tradition.

Simultaneously, the socio-political landscape was precarious. Jewish communities often lived under the capricious rule of various empires, facing periods of relative tolerance interspersed with harsh persecution and economic hardship. The Chasidic movement itself arose partly as a response to the spiritual and intellectual austerity that some felt had pervaded Jewish life, seeking to infuse it with joy, emotional connection to God, and a more accessible form of spirituality.

Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, the author of the Tanya, was a central figure in this dynamic era. Born in 1745 and passing away in 1812, he lived through these turbulent times and was a key leader in developing and disseminating the teachings of Chabad Hasidism. He was not just a philosopher and mystic; he was also a deeply engaged community leader, facing imprisonment for his ideas and activities, which were viewed with suspicion by some of the established Jewish authorities of the time.

The Tanya: A "Written Spirituality"

The Tanya is often described as a "written spirituality" because it aims to articulate the complex inner world of human beings from a mystical Jewish perspective in a way that is both profound and, to some extent, accessible. It delves into the nature of the soul, the relationship between the divine and the human, and the practical implications of these concepts for daily life. It’s a guide to inner spiritual discipline, aiming to empower individuals to connect more deeply with their spiritual essence and with God.

Defining a Key Term: The Benoni

The text you're exploring hinges on understanding a specific concept: the Benoni. This Hebrew word, translated as "intermediate" or "average" person, is crucial. It’s not about being mediocre in a negative sense, but rather about describing a particular stage of spiritual development. The benoni is someone who is not yet a tzaddik (righteous person) who has mastered their negative impulses, nor are they fully defined by their negative impulses (which would categorize them as wicked). Instead, the benoni is in a state of constant internal negotiation and awareness, where both positive and negative inclinations are present and actively vying for influence. The benoni is the person who is actively engaged in the struggle, aware of the internal conflict, and constantly working to align their actions with their higher aspirations, with the help of divine assistance. This concept is central to the Tanya's practical approach to spiritual growth, suggesting that most people, at most times, exist in this state of dynamic tension.

Text Snapshot

This passage from the Tanya delves into the internal battleground within a person, personified as two opposing forces or "judges" within the heart and mind. One is the "evil nature," associated with worldly desires and cravings, residing in the left side of the heart. The other is the "divine soul," representing higher aspirations and intellect, located in the brain and extending to the right side of the heart. The text explains that in an "intermediate" person, or benoni, these two forces are in constant arbitration. While the "evil nature" may express its opinions and desires, it doesn't have ultimate dominion. Divine help allows the divine soul to gain the upper hand, guiding thoughts, speech, and actions toward fulfilling divine commandments. However, the "evil nature" is not eradicated; it remains dormant, capable of reawakening. Therefore, even someone deeply devoted to spiritual study must consider themselves in this state of ongoing struggle, much like a judge who offers an opinion that is debated by another, with a higher authority ultimately deciding the verdict.

Values Lens

This passage from the Tanya illuminates several core human values, presenting them through a spiritual and psychological lens. It’s a text that, at its heart, is about the human condition and our capacity for growth and self-awareness.

### The Value of Self-Awareness and Introspection

At the very core of this text is the profound value of self-awareness. The Tanya doesn't present a simplistic view of human nature; instead, it acknowledges the complex inner landscape we all navigate. The idea of "intermediate people" being judged by both good and evil impulses, and the detailed description of the "small city" (the body and its faculties) being a site of internal contention, highlights the necessity of looking inward.

• Universal Experience: Think about those moments when you've felt pulled in different directions – wanting to exercise but also craving comfort food, feeling the urge to speak impulsively but knowing it's better to pause and consider your words. This internal dialogue is a universal human experience. The Tanya elevates this internal awareness, suggesting that acknowledging these competing impulses is not a sign of weakness, but a crucial step toward spiritual and ethical growth. It’s about understanding the nuances of our motivations, the whispers of desire, and the call of conscience.
• In Jewish Tradition: This emphasis on introspection aligns with a long tradition within Judaism that values contemplation and self-examination. Texts like Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers) encourage us to "know yourselves" and to be mindful of our actions. The concept of teshuvah, often translated as repentance, is fundamentally an act of deep introspection, a turning back to one's truer self and a recognition of where one has strayed. This passage from the Tanya takes that introspective impulse and gives it a detailed, almost psychological framework, describing the internal mechanisms at play.
• Beyond Religion: In secular terms, this value is championed by psychologists and philosophers who emphasize mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and self-reflection. The ability to understand our own biases, triggers, and desires is seen as essential for personal well-being, healthy relationships, and effective decision-making. The Tanya, from its unique spiritual perspective, speaks to this same fundamental human capacity. It suggests that true progress comes not from pretending our darker impulses don't exist, but from honestly recognizing them, understanding their nature, and actively working to manage their influence.

### The Value of Divine Assistance and Hope

Another powerful value embedded in this text is the concept of divine assistance and the inherent hope it provides. The passage explicitly states, "If the Holy One, blessed is He, did not help him, he could not overcome his evil inclination." This is not a message of passive reliance, but of a partnership. It acknowledges the immense challenge of personal transformation and offers a source of strength beyond our individual capacity.

• Universal Experience: Consider any significant personal challenge you've faced – overcoming an addiction, changing a deeply ingrained habit, or enduring a period of immense grief. Often, in such moments, people speak of a feeling of being supported, of finding strength they didn't know they possessed, or of a serendipitous encounter or insight that helped them through. This sense of external support, whether attributed to faith, community, or simply the unfolding of life, speaks to a universal human need for hope and a belief that we are not entirely alone in our struggles. The Tanya frames this support as originating from a divine source, a benevolent force that aids in our efforts.
• In Jewish Tradition: The idea of divine assistance is central to Jewish theology and practice. The daily prayers are filled with petitions for guidance, strength, and salvation. The concept of God's covenant with the Jewish people implies a reciprocal relationship, where God is understood to be a partner in their journey, offering protection and aid. This passage specifically highlights divine intervention as the crucial factor that allows the "good nature" to prevail over the "evil inclination." It's a reminder that spiritual growth is not solely a human endeavor but a collaborative one. The divine light that "illuminates the divine soul" is a metaphor for divine inspiration and strength that empowers individuals to make ethical choices and overcome internal obstacles.
• Beyond Religion: In many non-religious contexts, this value might be expressed as the power of resilience, the importance of community support, or the impact of positive thinking and belief in oneself. Even without a theological framework, there's a recognition that humans often draw strength from something larger than themselves – whether it's the collective spirit of humanity, the beauty of nature, or an internal wellspring of courage. The Tanya's articulation of divine assistance offers a spiritual interpretation of this deeply felt human experience, providing a framework for understanding where that strength might originate and how it is accessed. It offers a profound sense of hope, suggesting that even in the midst of internal struggle, there is an ever-present force ready to assist those who strive for goodness.

### The Value of Humility and Continuous Effort

A third significant value highlighted is humility and the understanding that spiritual progress is a continuous effort, not a final destination. The instruction, "Even if the whole world tells you that you are righteous, in your own eyes regard yourself as if you were wicked," is striking. It cautions against complacency and the danger of self-satisfaction, even in the face of apparent success.

• Universal Experience: Think about athletes who continue to train rigorously even after winning championships, or artists who constantly refine their craft. There's a recognition that mastery is an ongoing process, and that resting on one's laurels can lead to stagnation. Similarly, in personal development, achieving a goal – like losing weight or learning a new skill – is often just the beginning of maintaining that progress. Complacency can easily set in. This text speaks to that universal human truth: that true growth requires sustained effort and a humble recognition that there is always more to learn and refine.
• In Jewish Tradition: Humility (anavah) is a highly prized virtue in Jewish thought. It’s seen as the foundation upon which other virtues are built. The concept of kitrug (spiritual accusation) suggests that even righteous individuals can be subject to divine scrutiny, and that an overly inflated sense of self-righteousness can be detrimental. The Tanya’s emphasis on viewing oneself as benoni, even when externally successful, is a powerful expression of this value. It encourages a constant self-evaluation and a recognition of one's ongoing dependence on divine grace. The idea that the evil inclination is never truly vanquished but merely dormant serves as a perpetual reminder of the need for vigilance and continued effort.
• Beyond Religion: In secular ethics, this value is reflected in concepts like lifelong learning, growth mindset, and the pursuit of excellence. The understanding that setbacks are opportunities for learning rather than failures, and that continuous improvement is possible and desirable, are all expressions of this idea. The Tanya's perspective adds a spiritual dimension to this, suggesting that this continuous effort is not just about self-improvement but about aligning oneself with a higher purpose and remaining connected to the divine. It’s a call to maintain a posture of active engagement and humble striving, recognizing that the journey of becoming is unending.

Everyday Bridge

This passage from the Tanya, while rooted in a specific spiritual tradition, offers profound insights into the universal human experience of internal struggle and the pursuit of a better self. You don't need to be Jewish or religiously observant to connect with its wisdom. Here are a few ways you might relate to or respectfully engage with its ideas in your everyday life:

### Option 1: Cultivating "Internal Arbitration" in Your Own Decisions

The core metaphor of internal judges, where different impulses present their cases, is incredibly relatable. You can practice this by intentionally pausing before making significant decisions or even before reacting in a heated moment.

• How to practice: When faced with a choice, especially one where you feel conflicting desires or obligations, take a moment to identify the different "voices" within you. What is the impulse for immediate gratification saying? What is the voice of responsibility, foresight, or your longer-term values saying? Instead of immediately acting on the first impulse, try to create a mental space where these different "opinions" can be heard. You are the "arbitrator" in this scenario. Ask yourself: Which voice aligns best with the person I aspire to be? Which choice will I feel better about in the long run? This isn't about suppressing desires, but about consciously weighing them and making a deliberate choice.
• Respectful engagement: If you have Jewish friends, you could share a personal reflection about a time you felt this internal "arbitration" playing out in your own life, and how you tried to navigate it. You might say something like, "I was reading about this concept of internal dialogue and it reminded me of a time I had to choose between X and Y. I really felt like two different parts of me were arguing, and I had to consciously decide which path to take." This opens the door for them to share their perspective without you imposing any specific religious interpretation.

### Option 2: Embracing the "Dormant Evil" as a Call for Vigilance

The idea that the "evil inclination" is not destroyed but merely dormant offers a powerful lesson in ongoing vigilance and self-care. It suggests that even when we feel we've overcome a challenge or bad habit, it's wise to remain aware and prepared.

• How to practice: Think about habits or tendencies you've worked hard to change. Perhaps it's a tendency to procrastinate, a quick temper, or an unhealthy eating pattern. The Tanya suggests that even if you've made significant progress, the underlying tendency might still be there, just waiting for an opportunity. This isn't meant to create anxiety, but to foster a healthy sense of ongoing self-management. It means continuing to employ the strategies that helped you make progress, staying mindful of triggers, and not becoming complacent. It's like a gardener who continues to water and weed their plants even after they've grown, knowing that the garden needs ongoing care to flourish.
• Respectful engagement: You could express your appreciation for this perspective by saying, "I found the idea of the 'dormant evil inclination' really insightful. It’s a reminder that personal growth isn't a one-time fix, but an ongoing process that requires sustained attention and care. It makes me think about how I approach my own efforts to improve." This acknowledges the concept without needing to adopt the entire theological framework. It highlights the practical wisdom of continuous effort.

### Option 3: Finding "Divine Assistance" in Everyday Support Systems

The text speaks of divine assistance that helps the good nature overcome the evil inclination. While this is framed theologically, the underlying human experience of receiving help and strength from external sources is universal.

• How to practice: Actively recognize and appreciate the "assistance" you receive in your life, whether it comes from friends, family, mentors, or even inspiring books and ideas. When you successfully navigate a difficult situation, or make a positive choice, take a moment to reflect on who or what helped you. Did a friend offer encouragement? Did a piece of advice resonate deeply? Did a community event inspire you? By consciously acknowledging these sources of support, you are, in a sense, recognizing the "helpers" in your life. This practice cultivates gratitude and a sense of interconnectedness, mirroring the Tanya's emphasis on not facing struggles alone.
• Respectful engagement: You could share with a Jewish friend how you've found inspiration or strength from something outside yourself. For instance, "I was really struggling with [a personal challenge], and then I read [a book/heard a podcast/spoke to someone] which gave me a new perspective. It felt like a real turning point." This can lead to conversations about where people find their strength and inspiration, bridging different worldviews through shared human experiences of seeking and receiving support.

These everyday bridges are about finding the universal human resonance within the text and integrating its wisdom into your own life in a way that is meaningful and respectful. The Tanya's exploration of the inner life is a rich source of contemplation, and by engaging with its core ideas through these practices, you can build your own understanding and connection.

Conversation Starter

When you feel ready to explore this topic further with a Jewish friend, approaching the conversation with genuine curiosity and respect is key. The goal is to learn and to share, not to debate or to impose your understanding. Here are two questions, designed to invite dialogue and deepen your mutual appreciation for different perspectives. Remember to listen actively and be open to what your friend shares.

### Question 1: Exploring the "Inner Arbitrator"

This question invites your friend to share their personal experience with the concept of internal conflict, which is central to the Tanya's discussion of the benoni. It frames the idea in a way that is accessible and relatable.

• Question: "I was reading a passage from the Tanya that talked about the inner struggle we all face, comparing it to two different 'judges' or impulses in our minds, and how we have to 'arbitrate' between them. It really struck me because I often feel pulled in different directions when I make decisions. I was wondering, do you ever experience that kind of internal 'arbitration,' and if so, how do you navigate those conflicting feelings or ideas in your own life?"

• Why this works:

  • Zero Jargon: It uses the analogy from the text but explains it clearly in simple terms ("two different 'judges' or impulses," "arbitrate between them").
  • Focus on Shared Experience: It explicitly connects the concept to a universal human experience ("I often feel pulled in different directions").
  • Respects Their Perspective: It asks for their experience and their navigation, valuing their personal insights and practices within their tradition.
  • Opens Dialogue: It invites them to share not just theological concepts but also practical, lived experiences. They might share how they pray, meditate, consult with others, or simply take time to think.

### Question 2: Reflecting on the Journey of Growth

This question focuses on the idea of continuous effort and humility, another core theme in the passage. It touches upon the notion that spiritual or personal growth is not a static achievement but an ongoing process.

• Question: "The passage also mentioned something about how, even if we feel we're doing well or have overcome challenges, it's important to remain humble and not become complacent, almost like the 'evil inclination' is just dormant and can reawaken. This made me think about how we approach personal growth. From your perspective, or within Jewish thought, how do you understand the idea of continuous growth and the importance of maintaining that sense of striving, rather than seeing progress as a final destination?"

• Why this works:

  • Gentle Introduction of Concept: It references the "dormant evil" idea but frames it more broadly as "not becoming complacent" and "continuous growth."
  • Focus on "How" and "Why": It asks about the process of growth and the reason for continuous striving, which are rich areas for discussion.
  • Respects Tradition: It explicitly asks about "your perspective" or "within Jewish thought," acknowledging that there are established ways of understanding these concepts.
  • Encourages Deeper Reflection: It moves beyond a simple description of an idea to exploring its implications for how one lives and understands their journey. Your friend might discuss concepts like teshuvah (repentance/returning), the importance of daily practice, or the humility of a tzaddik (righteous person) who still sees room for improvement.

When you ask these questions, be prepared to listen with an open heart and mind. Your genuine interest will be the most powerful bridge. You might also consider sharing a brief, relevant personal reflection after they've spoken, further fostering a sense of mutual sharing and understanding.

Takeaway

This passage from the Tanya, while intricate, offers a powerful and universal message: personal growth is an ongoing, dynamic process of internal negotiation, not a destination. It highlights the importance of self-awareness, acknowledging the complex interplay of our impulses. It reminds us of the profound value of divine assistance (or the support we find in the world around us) that empowers us to strive for our higher selves. And crucially, it instills the virtue of humility and continuous effort, cautioning against complacency and encouraging a lifelong commitment to self-improvement. The wisdom here is not about achieving perfection, but about engaging honestly and persistently in the journey of becoming.